Plants

The role of plants in the lives of city dwellers

In recent years, the popularity of houseplants has increased significantly and more and more people are buying them. This trend is not just a passing fad, as the sale of houseplants has been growing steadily for several years. Plants bring peace, coziness and comfort to our homes, which is so necessary in the hustle and bustle of city life. In 2020, Italian psychologists conducted a survey of almost 4 thousand compatriots and found that the more plants there were in the house, the less often their owners experienced negative emotions, were restless and suffered from insomnia. Houseplants are a part of nature in our homes that can make us happy.

Many companies complement their office interiors with healthy plants. Some companies offer rooms specially designed to create a sense of peace, like a plant jungle, so that people can release stress and oxygenate their bodies in such a “corner of nature”.

Studies show that houseplants help clean indoor air of toxins and pollutants such as formaldehyde and benzene [Brilli F. et al., 2018]. One study found that a bromeliad plant removed more than 80 percent of six volatile organic compounds (out of eight tested) within 12 hours, while a dracaena plant removed 94 percent of acetone (a caustic compound found in many nail polish removers) [American Chemical Society, 2016].

Houseplants can also significantly improve our mental health. For example, when the Norwegian Heart and Lung Rehabilitation Centre planted 28 new plants in common areas, patients reported significant improvements in well-being after four weeks compared to patients who stayed in rooms without plants [Raanaas RK et al., 2010].

Another study found that the quality of life of nursing home residents improved when they planted houseplants and learned how to care for them. The researchers said this may be due to a sense of accomplishment or the positive emotions people felt toward their plants [Collins CC et al., 2008].

According to research conducted by the University of Exeter, employee productivity increased by 15% after introducing plants into the office. Plants were once essential to human survival, and the innate bond with them results in an overall reduction in stress and an increase in well-being. This in turn affects a person’s ability to be creative and focus on the tasks at hand [University of Exeter, 2014]. Furthermore, students who performed complex cognitive tasks in an office with greenery were able to concentrate longer than those in an office without plants [Raanaas RK et al., 2010].

Researchers at Kansas State University found that patients whose rooms had plants needed fewer pain medications, had lower blood pressure and heart rates, and felt less anxiety and fatigue while recovering from surgery. Some plants even have medicinal properties. Aloe vera, for example, can be used to treat sunburn and other skin irritations [American Society for Horticultural Science, 2008].

Therefore, houseplants are an important part of our lives. They provide people with oxygen, absorb harmful substances from the air, retain dust and protect them from the noise and bustle of the city. Indoors, plants create psycho-emotional comfort, which is why they occupy an important place in the interior and ecology of the house.

However, sooner or later every gardener will encounter the problem of slow growth of potted plants. If it is a break in development, occurring during the dormant phase or after transplantation, then it is a natural process. However, any signs of dwarfism or slow growth at other times may indicate problems with the care of the plant or its health. Incorrect watering, a deficiency of nutrients, or even individual microelements can lead to serious growth disorders.

When it comes to seedlings, vegetable gardening is not only a fun hobby and a way to get fresh vegetables, but also an effective tool for maintaining mental health and well-being. Vegetable gardening is extremely important for maintaining mental health for several reasons.

1. Stress resistance and relaxation: working in the soil, sowing seedlings and caring for plants help reduce stress levels and create an atmosphere of relaxation. This is due to the physical aspect of gardening (being outdoors, physical activity) and the emotional aspect (nature as a natural antidepressant).
2. Contact with plants stimulates the release of endorphins, happiness hormones, which leads to improved mood and reduced anxiety levels.
3. Success in growing and caring for plants builds self-esteem and self-confidence. This is especially important for those who lack self-confidence.
4. Taking care of seedlings requires regular attention and care, which helps develop responsibility and determination in a person. These traits translate into other areas of life and help us cope better with everyday tasks.

Growing vegetables is therefore not only a way to obtain fresh and healthy vegetables, but also an effective tool for maintaining mental health and finding harmony with yourself and nature.

Peptide bioregulators – innovative nanotechnology that activates growth, protects against stress and stimulates plant flowering

In recent years, peptides have become a popular research subject in the field of plant science as antimicrobial substances, plant growth regulators, insecticides, and herbicides due to their accessibility for synthesis and high biological activity [Zhang YM et al., 2023]. For example, antimicrobial peptides have been shown to have the ability to destroy plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria [Tang R. et al., 2023].

Recently, more attention has been paid to dissolved organic nitrogen, free amino acids and peptides and the assessment of their participation in the absorption of nutrients by plants in different ecosystems [Cao XC et al., 2013]. Studies [Sauheitl L. et al., 2009; [Liu HJ et al., 2018] have shown that despite low concentrations of amino acids and peptides in the soil solution, they contribute to nitrogen accumulation, form complexes with metal cations and affect their bioavailability for plants [Dalir N. et al., 2014].

Nitrogen is the main element necessary for the development of the root system of plants. Changes in the root system are particularly visible when there is a disturbance in the balance of nutrients in the soil. In soils with a high content of nitrate or ammonium form of nitrogen, lateral roots actively develop, while in the case of nitrogen deficiency, lateral root growth is inhibited.

To change root properties in response to changes in nitrogen availability, plants use various types of signaling molecules, including hormones and small RNAs [Araya T. et al., 2014]. In legumes, CLE peptides regulate endosymbiotic relationships between root nodule bacteria and the host plant [Djordjevic MA et al., 2015]. Plant growth and development are controlled by phytohormones (such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene). It has been shown that the physiological effects of these plant growth regulators can be enhanced by peptides [Wang G. et al., 2016; [Wanyushin BF et al., 2017].

Exogenous biologically active short peptides AEDG (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), AEDL (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu), KE (Lys-Glu) at a concentration of 10–7–10–9 M regulate the growth, development and differentiation of callus culture of tobacco plants Nicotiana tabacum [Fedoreeva LI et al., 2017]. Tetrapeptides AEDG and AEDL not only increase the growth of callus mass, but also stimulate the formation and growth of leaves in regenerants.

These peptides modulate gene expression in tobacco cells, including genes responsible for cell morphogenesis and differentiation. The peptides modulate the expression of CLE family genes, encoding endogenous regulatory peptides responsible for the proliferation and functional activity of plant cells; KNOX family genes (transcription factor genes) and GRF (growth factor regulator genes encoding appropriate DNA-binding proteins such as topoisomerases, nucleases, etc.).

The regulatory function of the above peptides is apparently realized through their influence on genes of the CLE, GRF (growth factors) and KNOX1 (transcription factors) families. The dipeptide KE increased the expression of the CLE6 gene twofold and did not affect other genes of this family, whereas the tetrapeptides AEDG and AEDL stimulated the expression of the CLE2, CLE5 and CLE6 genes.

The AEDG peptide reduced the expression of the CLE4 gene, while the AEDL peptide increased it almost twofold. The effect of the tested peptides on the KNOX1 and GRF genes was also gene-specific. The expression of the KNAT1 and KNAT2 genes was not changed by the short peptides. The expression of the KNAT3 and KNAT6 genes increased significantly by all the tested peptides, to a greater extent by AEDL and KE (six-fold compared to the control).

The expression of LET6 and LET12 genes was increased by the AEDL peptide and remained practically unchanged by the AEDG and KE peptides. The AEDL peptide increased the expression of the GRF1 gene by more than twofold, while the other peptides decreased it. The AEDL peptide also stimulated the expression of GRF3, while AEDG and KE had no effect on it. At the same time, the AEDL and KE peptides did not affect the expression of GRF2, while AEDG increased it tenfold. Thus, the effect of peptides on genes encoding plant growth regulator proteins depends on the primary structure of the peptide [Fedoreeva LI et al., 2017].

In plants, at the level of gene expression, there is a system of peptide regulation of the formation of known longer peptide regulators of growth and development. The influence of short peptides on gene expression and cell differentiation in eukaryotes may be based on several common basic principles and regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, analogously to the influence on animal cells, short peptides may have a regulatory (signaling) effect on plant cells, influencing plant differentiation, growth and development [Fedoreeva LI et al., 2017].

It should also be noted that short exogenous peptides have been shown to play a control role in the regulation of peptide regulator genes. In particular, this is expressed in the control of the expression of genes encoding known longer regulatory polypeptides by shorter peptides. Some (short) peptides control the expression of others, i.e. unique regulators of regulators have been discovered, the action of which is to modulate gene expression.

It can be assumed that in the process of plant life, short peptides (consisting of 2–4 amino acid residues), formed as a result of the degradation of proteins (both native and foreign), may exhibit regulatory activity, and their action in the cell may be (to some extent) similar to the action of hormones.

It has a signaling character and, as it seems, is of epigenetic nature. Short peptides can be considered as promising new generation plant growth regulators, which will certainly find application in experimental and practical plant breeding. One of the possible mechanisms of action of short peptides at the level of gene expression, which is of epigenetic nature, is the inhibition of the methylation process of the gene promoter region as a result of blocking it with a peptide.

Short peptides as signaling molecules can trigger or inhibit a wide range of genetic processes and biochemical reactions in the cell. One of the molecular mechanisms of action of short peptides may be site-specific interaction of peptides with DNA, leading to a change in the nature of DNA transcription and gene expression. Short peptides can not only bind to DNA in a site-specific manner, but also “recognize” it based on its methylation status, i.e. interact differently with methylated and unmethylated DNA sequences [Fedoreeva LI et al., 2011]. Such specific binding of peptides to DNA can apparently compete with DNA binding of various proteins that interact with it, including enzymes (endonucleases, RNA and DNA polymerases, DNA methyltransferases, etc.).

The study [Fedoreeva LI et al., 2013] showed that short peptides AEDG, AEDR, KEDW, KEDA, EDR bind to FITC-labeled wheat histones H1, H2b, H3 and H4. It is assumed that site-specific interactions of short peptides with histones in chromatin may serve as an epigenetic mechanism controlling gene activity and plant cell differentiation.

Moreover, the effect of short peptides AEDG, EDR, AEDL, KEDG, AEDR, KEDP on the hydrolysis of lambda phage DNA by wheat coleoptile endonucleases WEN1 and WEN2 in the presence and absence of histone H1 was studied. In this study, for the first time, the modulatory effect of short peptides on the activity of wheat endonucleases was demonstrated, which occurs due to the specific binding of peptides to DNA [Khavinson V.Kh. et al., 2011].

Plants are more sensitive to short- and long-term environmental fluctuations (such as light, temperature, humidity) than animals, therefore homeostatic regulation is crucial for their survival. Plant hormones, including signaling peptides, play an important role in regulating coordinated plant responses to the environment [Linkova NS et al., 2024].

Adding the AEDL peptide (active substance of Taxorest) to tobacco microplants with increased salt content (NaCl) reduces oxidative stress in cells and reduces the toxic effect of NaCl. After adding the AEDL peptide to plant cells, it is localized mainly in the elongation zones and root hairs, to a lesser extent in the meristem zone. In the presence of the AEDL peptide, the expression of the WOX7 gene decreases, which leads to the activation of stem cell differentiation and root elongation [Fedoreyeva LI et al., 2022].

Pretreatment of soybean seeds 1 month before planting with dipeptide KE and tetrapeptide AEDG at concentrations of 0.01 g/l or 0.001 g/l had a positive effect on the development and yield of Batya soybean, despite uneven precipitation distribution and unstable temperature conditions. In a manually conducted experiment, the use of dipeptide KE increased soybean yield by 59.2-81.2%, and the use of tetrapeptide AEDG – by 62.9-83.7% compared to the control sample. The use of short peptides KE and AEDG in the production experiment contributed to an increase in the number of grains by 68.8% and 87.5%, as well as to an increase in yield by 30.5% and 18.4%, respectively, compared to the control [Aseeva TA et al., 2022].

Recently, a study was also conducted on the use of peptides in the vegetative propagation of ornamental plants, as well as in the cultivation of seedlings  (Scientific conference “Modern anti-aging technologies”, Irkutsk – March 3, 2024 “Application of Khavinson peptides in the vegetative propagation of ornamental plants, as well as in the cultivation of seedlings”. Speakers – Dolgikh AV and Efimov EL)  . Revilab SL09 was studied.

The leaves fell off the mother plants of the Pinata coleus variety, which had been exposed to frost, and the plant was transferred to a greenhouse. During the first cuttings taken without the use of peptides, all 10 cuttings died, because according to statistics, if the mother plant was exposed to frost, its rooting percentage is 0%. The second batch of cuttings, 5 pieces, was cut from the same plant a week later and placed in a regular greenhouse. These cuttings were sprayed daily with Revilab SL09 (2 drops per 0.5 l of water). On the fourth day, leaves began to grow on the cuttings. On the thirteenth day of rooting, 2 out of 5 cuttings had formed roots.

Pruning seedlings in autumn often involves a small loss of plants. When using the preparation Revilab SL09 (2 drops per 0.5 l) – spraying immediately after pruning and the next day, the percentage of saved plants was 100%. At the same time, accelerated growth of the coleus was observed.

Koleus	Petunia	Alternantera	Werbena

The effect of Revilab SL09 on  petunia  ,  alternanthera  and sweet potato seedlings that had been damaged by frost was also studied. The plants were sprayed daily with Revilab SL09 at the same concentration. After two weeks, the petunia seedlings had rooted well, had grown noticeably and had larger leaves. The percentage of rooting was about 50%. Alternanthera, which had been frozen with almost no leaves, had rooted 100%, and  verbena  bonariensis – 60%.

Then the mother plants of petunias were severely cut and transplanted from the open ground into 1.5-liter pots. The animals were sprayed daily with Revilab SL09, after which the survival rate was 95%. Additionally, experiments were conducted on unrooted garden strawberry runners. When sprayed with Revilab SL09, the losses were only 10%, and after a month and a half the green mass increased 2.5-fold.

Thanks to this, spraying with Revilab SL09 during autumn seedlings of potted plants increases their survival rate by 50-60%. Spraying with Revilab SL09 allows plants to survive stress (heavy pruning, transplanting, etc.) without losses. Revilab SL09 also accelerates the growth of green mass and allows ornamental plants to bloom in unfavorable conditions (for example, in the absence of light).

Scheme of application of language forms of peptides to improve growth, increase resistance to stress and activate flowering of houseplants and seedlings:

Prepare the peptide solution immediately before watering. Spray the plant leaves with the peptide solution from the sprayer 2 times a day, morning and evening + water the plant with 50 ml of water with the peptide once every 3 days. After 1-2 months, you can repeat the use of peptides.

Revilab SL09  contains the AEDG peptide, which, according to the scientific studies described above, contributes to the improvement of soy, tobacco and wheat growth. The action of this peptide is based on its ability to stimulate the expression of genes responsible for the differentiation, growth and functional activity of plant cells.

The AEDG peptide is the active ingredient  of Endoluten lingual  [Zhurkovich IK et al., 2020], which can also be successfully used in plant production. Scientific studies also show that the KE and AEDL peptides activate the growth of soybeans, tobacco and wheat. This peptide is the active ingredient of 
Vladonix lingual  and  Taxorest lingual  [Zhurkovich IK et al., 2020], respectively, and has a pronounced protective effect against stress. The proposed application scheme recommends the combined action of these peptide bioregulators to achieve the best effect.

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